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The wave equation, \(\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2}= c^2\nabla^2 u\), relates how \(u\) varies with time and with the spatial coordinates as a wave propagates with speed \(c\).

Newton's mutual attraction force for masses \(m_1\), \(m_2\) is \(F=G\frac{m_1 m_2}{d^2}\), where \(d\) is the distance between them and \(G\) is the gravitational constant.

The Taylor series for an infinitely differentiable \(f\) at point \(a\), given by \(f(x) = \sum_{k=0} ^ {\infty} \frac {f^{(k)}(a)}{k!} \, (x-a)^{k}\), allows \(f\) to be expressed in terms of its derivatives.